国家外汇管理局


金融机构代客户办理即期和远期外汇买卖管理规定(附英文)

1988年2月13日，国家外汇管理局

第一条 为了防范汇率风险，稳定进出口贸易（包括其他对外经济活动）成本，开展即期和远期外汇买卖业务，制定本规定。
第二条 中国银行可以接受中国境内的机关、团体、企业、事业及其他单位（以下简称客户）的委托，代理买卖即期和远期外汇。 其他金融机构经营前款规定的业务，须经国家外汇管理局批准。
第三条 本规定所称外汇买卖系指各种可兑换货币之间的买卖。
第四条 客户委托中国银行或者经国家外汇管理局批准的其他金融机构（以下简称指定金融机构）代理买卖即期和远期外汇，须经国家外汇管理局或者其分局批准，但下列两种情况除外：
（一）获准经营外汇业务的专业银行和金融机构以及外商投资企业，对其自有和自筹的外汇资金，可以自行在国际金融市场上买卖即期或者远期外汇，也可以委托指定的金融机构代理买卖。
（二）前项规定以外的其他客户向中国境内外筹借的现汇和获准接受的捐赠外汇，经批准在中国境内金融机构开户存储现汇的，可凭其对外签订的贸易合同或者其他经济协议径行委托指定的金融机构代理买卖即期或者远期外汇。
第五条 买卖即期和远期外汇必须坚持自愿原则。
第六条 指定的金融机构代理客户买卖即期和远期外汇，应当以客户对外签订的贸易合同或者其他经济协议为依据，但代理经营外汇业务的金融机构和外商投资企业买卖的除外。
第七条 指定的金融机构受客户委托代办即期和远期外汇买卖时，客户应当提供履约担保。履约担保可以使用外汇额度抵押，也可以使用现汇预交履约保证金。
使用外汇额度进行抵押担保的，必须同时提供由开户银行出具的等值人民币保函。
使用外汇额度提前结成现汇预交履约保证金的，仅限于结成美元。
第八条 客户办理远期外汇买卖时，应当按照第六条规定向当地外汇管理部门提交申请书和贸易合同或者经济协议的副本，经外汇管理部门审核同意后，凭外汇管理部门的批件委托指定的金融机构代购远期外汇。
第九条 使用外汇额度提前结汇预交履约保证金的，由外汇管理部门在客户开出的外汇额度支付通知书上签注日期、盖章并扣减用汇指标。同城客户必须在签注之日后的三个工作日（异地客户在七个工作日）内买成美元存入指定的金融机构的“专项保证金存款”帐户。
使用外汇额度抵押方式的，外汇管理部门应将客户用于抵押的外汇额度过户到指定的金融机构的外汇额度帐户。
委托代办期权业务的，只能使用外汇额度抵押担保，但成交时需付的期权保险费可以提前结成现汇。
第十条 指定的金融机构代办即期和远期外汇买卖时，凡客户使用外汇额度提前结汇和预交远期外汇买卖履约保证金的，必须通过“专项保证金存款”帐户进行核算。但客户使用原持有的现汇预交远期外汇买卖履约保证金的，仍通过“存入保证金”帐户进行核算。
第十一条 进口付汇晚于交割期时，使用外汇额度提前结成现汇的，指定的金融机构应将交割所得的货币头寸复入“专项保证金存款”帐户暂存；使用原持有的现汇的，指定的金融机构应将交割所得的货币头寸复存入“存入保证金”帐户。
第十二条 本规定由国家外汇管理局负责解释。
第十三条 本规定自发布之日起施行。

Regulations for Administration of Buy and Sale of Spot and ForwardForeign Exchange by Financial Institutes on Clients' Behalf

(Approved by the State Council on December 13, 1987. Promulgatedby the State Administration of Exchange Control on Feb. 13, 1988)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
The present Regulations are formulated in order to guard against the
risks of foreign exchange rate, stabilize the costs of import and export
trade (including other foreign economic activities) and develop the
businesses of buy and sale of spot and forward foreign exchange.
Article 2
The Bank of China can be entrusted to buy and sell spot and forward
foreign exchange by departments, organizations, enterprises, institutes
and other units (hereinafter referred to as the client) in the territory
of China.
Other financial institutes intending to conduct the businesses
mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be approved by the State
Administration of Exchange Control.
Article 3
Buy and Sale of foreign exchange referred in the present Regulations
is the buy and sale of foreign exchange among all kinds of convertible
currencies. gated on March 10, 1983 shall be abrogated on the same date.
Article 4
The client intending to entrust the Bank of China or other financial
institutes approved by the State Administration of Exchange Control
(hereinafter referred to as the designated financial institute) on its
behalf to buy and sell spot and forward foreign exchange shall be approved
by the State Administration of Exchange Control or its local bureau except
for the following two situations:
1) Professional banks, financial institutes and foreign invested
enterprises with approval to conduct foreign exchange businesses, for
their self-owned or self-raised capitals of foreign exchange, may buy and
sell spot or forward foreign exchange by themselves in the international
financial market or entrust the designated financial institutes to handle
such businesses.
2) Other clients not stipulated in the above paragraph who borrow
foreign exchange in cash within or out of China and receive, with
permission, donated foreign exchange, upon the approval to open cash
account of foreign exchange in financial institutes within China, may
entrust the designated financial institutes on their behalf to buy and
sell spot or forward foreign exchange according to the foreign trade
contracts or other economic agreements.
Article 5
The principle of voluntariness shall be adhered to in the
transactions of buy and sale of spot and forward foreign exchange.
Article 6
The designated financial institute who is entrusted by the client to
buy and sell spot and forward foreign exchange shall base on the foreign
trade contracts or economic agreements signed by the clients, but
transactions of the financial institutes with approval to conduct foreign
exchange and foreign invested enterprises shall not be included.
Article 7
When the designated financial institute is entrusted by the client to
buy and sell spot or forward foreign exchange, the client shall provide
performance guarantee. Mortgage of foreign exchange quota or advance
payment of performance bond in cash can be used as the performance
guarantee.
The letter of guarantee for RMB at equal value issued by the deposit
bank shall be simultaneously provided in case the foreign exchange quota
is mortgaged as guarantee.
In case the foreign exchange quota is ahead of time settled into
foreign exchange in cash to pay the performance bond advance, the
settlement is limited to US. dollar only.
Article 8
When the client buy and sell forward foreign exchange, application
and copies of trade contracts or other economic agreements shall be
submitted to the local department of exchange control in accordance with
the stipulation of Article 6. After examined and approved by the
department of exchange control, the client may entrust the designated
financial institute to buy forward foreign exchange by presenting the
approval documents of the department of exchange control.
Article 9
In case the foreign exchange quota is ahead of time settled into
foreign exchange in cash to pay the performance bond in advance the
department of exchange control shall sign the date and affix stamp on the
payment notice of foreign exchange quota issued by the client and shall
deduct the foreign exchange ration. The client in the same city shall
within three working days after the date of the signature (seven working
days for the client in a different city) buy US. dollars from the quota
and deposit them into the account of "specific guarantee deposit" in the
designated financial institute.
In case the foreign exchange quota is mortgaged, the department of
exchange control shall transfer the foreign exchange quota mortgaged by
the client to the account of foreign exchange quota in the designated
financial institute.
In case the option transaction is entrusted by the client, only
foreign exchange quota can be mortgaged as guarantee, but the insurance
premium of option which should be paid upon conclusion of the deal may in
advance pay settled into foreign exchange in cash.
Article 10
When the designated financial institute is entrusted to buy and sale
spot and forward foreign exchange, if the client uses the foreign exchange
quota to settle ahead of time into foreign exchange in cash and pay the
performance bond in advance for buy and sale of forward, the designated
financial institute shall check and calculated through the account of
"specific guarantee deposit"; but if the client uses the cash of foreign
exchange originally owned to pay the performance bond in advance for buy
and sale of forward foreign exchange, the designated financial institute
shall still check and calculate through the account of "guarantee deposit"
Article 11
In case the date of import payment is behind the date of delivery, if
the foreign exchange quota is ahead of time settled into foreign exchange
in cash, the designated financial institute shall re-deposit temporarily
the cash position derived from the delivery into the account of "specific
guarantee deposit"; and if the cash of foreign exchange originally owned
is used, the designated financial institute shall re-deposit the cash
position derived from the delivery into the account of "guarantee
deposit".
Article 12
The authority to interpret the present Regulations resides in the
State Administration of Exchange Control.
Article 13
The present Regulations will enter into force from the date of
promulgation.


农业产业化与标准

王瑜


“三流企业做苦力，二流企业卖产品，一流企业卖专利，超级企业卖标准。” 这句话非常的流行，但是标准是什么东西，其实人们并不了解，而在农业领域人士谈标准似乎更是天方夜谈，不知所云，作为农业生产的绝大多数人，农民与他们谈标准那是无意义的事情。

那么请随我到超市看看，同样是水果，进口的“洋水果”有整齐漂亮的外观和轻巧坚固的包装，而国产的水果一堆堆污头垢面、大小不整堆放着，两种扮相的果品在消费者面前必然是截然不同的两种身价。也许消费者抱怨，其实进口的水果味道并不如国产的，为什么价格卖那么贵？那是因为别人在生产、加工乃至包装的每个环节通通采用了一套叫做“标准化”的管理技术！

　　美国、以色列等发达国家在现代化农业建设中，从一开始就非常重视标准化工作，从产前的生产资料供应，到产中的每个技术服务环节，再到产后的农产品分级、加工包装、储运，都制定有系列标准，并在生产过程中严格规范操作。日本的农产品生产从播种到收获、加工整理、包装上市都有一套严格的标准。如农民种西瓜，用什么品种、何时下种、何时施肥、施多少肥、何时采摘，都有严格的规定。如对出售的黄瓜，它的长短、粗细及弯曲程度都必须符合标准，否则宁可扔掉。

加入WTO，我们的农户无法过着自给自足虽然不富裕但是很安逸的日子，我们的农业封闭的小农生产经济将被国外的农产品打破，我们原来粗放的种植方式，农产品流通基本上处于自由贩卖，看货论价的无序状态，没有任何包装或者是非常简化“网袋”包装将无法抵御国外农产品的竞争。在农产品方面，我们没有工业领域的低价优势，相反我们农产品的生产成本高于国外，我们将如何面对国外农产品的竞争？唯一的出路是实现标准化，农业标准化既是农产品进入国际市场参与竞争的“绿卡”，也是在国内市场迅速构筑我们的“防御工事”。

其实我国农业品标准化工作从20世纪80年代就已经开始制定有关的基本标准、技术标准和质量标准，外贸商检还有自己的一套果品标准。但这些标准无论在标准数量和宽严尺度上存有浓厚的内外贸二种体制的计划经济色彩，而且与国外先进标准存在很大的差距，标准缺少明确的监管部门，成了形同虚设的空文。

我国的农业有自己的特色，生产单位极度的分散，土地被以分为单位平均划分到每个农村家庭，也使生产单位变得极端的小。在流通环节也是散兵游勇，或者由农户自发组织的临时团体进行销售，有的特色农产品有相对较大的龙头企业在进行加工。国家已制定的标准几乎是不可能贯彻到各家各户，即使可以贯彻也无法进行监管，农户更没有能力去制定任何的标准。

我们无法改变我国农业方面标准的现状，没有力量去推动相关部门去修订农业方面的标准，我们不能去消极等待，面对国外农产品的竞争，不能束手就擒，否则在国外农产品的凌厉攻势下，我们的农产品毫无市场，那么我们的农民就只有上街乞讨的份，在现有的状况下，我们必须抓紧时间采取措施，要进行自救，寻找解决的方法。

天无绝人之路，办法总是有的。我们可以在政府推导的农业产业化框架下来推行，当地成立农产品协会，将农户、销售人员和龙头企业集中到协会里，当然协会还是没有能力来制定任何的标准，并保证标准的很好的执行，但是协会可以集中当地的力量聘请专门的中介机构来制定标准，并让中介机构进行管理。
按照我国《标准化法》的规定制定标准很难，还要相关部门进行审批，作为农产品没有必要囿于这些条框的规定，因为我们制定标准的目的是提高农产品的品质，提高农产品的价格，确实提高自己的收入，而不是为了政府的政绩，所以形式是无关紧要的，不等不靠，我们自己亲自来参与制定。制定标准我们一定要实际，从最基础开始，从最简单的开始，从最好执行的开始。我们不是做秀美文章，不用担心“专家们”嘲笑，我们可以做得非常的粗糙，但是我们的标准非常的实际，完全可以执行，我们可以一点一点来改进，可以每年都修订，每一个修订都是一个提高。我们知道农产品的每一个环节都需要制定完善的标准，但是我们现在无法一一去制定，并且让最普通的农户也马上按照标准来执行。那么我们制定标准就先易后难，先从产业链索的末端开始，比如先制定销售的标准，统一进行分级，采取统一的包装，这样销售商获得了实惠就有积极性去执行标准，销售商第二年就可以拿着标准来要求农户，这样从末端倒逼前端，由执行者自己去推动，因为有获得利益者的现身说教，以及主动强制推行，那么一个环节一个环节我们比较容易来完善标准体系。

只要我们有标准的意识，我们就会不断去学习，不断提高自己的标准水平，不断完善各项标准，并且严格执行标准，以不标准带动农产品的产品品质，降低生产成本，提高销售价格，那么我们的农业将与世界农产品进行竞争，我们的农户也将提高收入。

※：本文作为农业产业化系列之一

作者：王律师，中国知识产权研究会高级会员
电话：010－51662214，电子邮件：lawyerwy@263.net，网站：www.rjls.cn。