[案情]

　　2012年2月27日15时许，被告人何某、彭某听说其朋友曹某家来了两位洽谈商务的浙江人，比较有钱，遂起歹意，欲行抢劫，于是来到曹某家，并当场对正在与曹某谈生意的胡某、张某等人实施抢劫，所抢金额为人民币5000元。由于何某、彭某认识户主曹某，所以未对曹某进行抢劫。

　　[分歧]

　　本案的主要分歧是在主人家抢劫客人的财物是否构成入户抢劫。一种意见认为不构成入户抢劫。理由主要有：首先，本案被告人抢劫的对象系人而非户。被告人抢劫的对象是浙江商人胡某、张某，而非曹某及其家人。被告人虽以抢劫为目的非法进入他人住所，但对被害人来说，该住所不过是一个临时谈生意的场所，不具有家庭生活之实质内容，故不应认定为入户抢劫。其次，被告人胡某、张某没有对户主曹某实施抢劫。曹某本人及生活并居住于该户内的人没有受到胡某和张某抢劫行为的侵害。刑法所保护的法益及户的权利亦没有受到侵犯，因此不能认定胡某和张某构成入户抢劫。另一种意见认为在主人家抢劫客人构成入户抢劫。

　　[评析]

　　入户抢劫系抢劫罪的加重处罚情节，不论抢劫行为是否造成严重的后果，只要该行为符合入户抢劫的构成要件，起点量刑即在10年以上。刑法之所以如此规定，主要是基于对户的极力保护。家庭是社会的基本组成单元。户是家庭赖以生存的基础，是公民人身、财产安全的重要屏障，也是人们观念中最安全的生活场所。如果公民在户内的安全都无法保障，那么其将失去对整个社会安全保护的信赖。同时，户不仅是公民个人生活的地方，而是整个家庭的栖息场所。行为人对户的侵害，在威胁家庭全部财产的同时，也会危及家庭每一位成员的生命安全。由此可见，入户抢劫的危害性极大，因此刑法对其科以较为严厉的处罚。　

　　笔者认为在主人家抢劫客人应构成入户抢劫。理由如下：

　　一、入户的非法性

　　被告人何某、彭某在主观上意在入户实施抢劫，具有非法性的目的，属非法入户。

　　二、符合刑法及相关司法解释关于“户”的界定

　　最高人民法院《关于审理抢劫、抢夺刑事案件适用法律若干问题的意见》（以下简称《抢劫解释》）这样描述对“户”的范围的界定，“户”在这里指住所，其特征表现为供他人家庭生活和与外界相对隔离两个方面，前者为功能特征，后者为场所特征。本案被告人所入侵的“户”即曹某家，无疑完全符合《抢劫解释》关于“户”的界定。

　　三、入户抢劫应对户不对人

　　入户抢劫作为抢劫罪的法定加重处罚情节，体现了刑法对“户”的着力保护。刑法侧重保护的是户的安全机能和居民对户的信赖利益，而非特定居民的人身和财产权利。对客人实施抢劫，并不因为客人没有对户的使用权和居住权，或者没有实质的家庭生活内容，就判定其不受户的保护。刑法之所以将入户抢劫规定为抢劫罪的加重处罚情节，主要是因为入户抢劫的危害性极大。公民的家庭生活，户内所有在场的人及其财产，都不可避免地受到罪犯的侵害或威胁。被告人以抢劫的目的进入他人住宅，即使抢劫对象并非住宅主人，但客观上仍侵犯了公民住宅不受侵犯的宪法权利。我国刑法也规定了非法侵入住宅罪，即是指未经允许非法进入他人住宅或经要求退出无故拒不退出的行为。在户与外界相对隔离被害人孤立无援的情况下，该行为不仅严重危及户内所有在场人员的人身及财产安全，而且也侵犯了客居住宅或者前来拜访、玩耍、临时逗留的人对于户的安全的信赖利益。

　　“对户不对人”即只要在户内实施抢劫，不管抢劫对象系何人，都构成入户抢劫。

　　由此可见，无论是从字面意思对户进行文理解释，还是以立法精神对户进行论理解释，都没有理由把入户抢劫的对象仅限定于户主及其家人。因此，非法进入他人住所实施抢劫，不管所抢为何人，都构成入户抢劫。


　 （作者单位：江西省萍乡市中级人民法院刑事审判第二庭）
国家工商局


国家工商行政管理局关于对外商投资企业违反登记管理法规的行为进行处罚的权限和程序的规定(附英文)

1989年2月1日，工商局

为了加强对中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外资企业（以下统称外商投资企业）的监督管理，保护合法经营，依法查处违反登记管理法规的行为，根据《中华人民共和国企业法人登记管理条例》及其《施行细则》，特对处罚的权限和程序作如下规定：
第一条 县（区）及县（区）以上各级工商行政管理局，均有权对管辖区域内的外商投资企业进行监督检查。
第二条 国家工商行政管理局和国家工商行政管理局授权直接核准登记外商投资企业的地方工商行政管理局（以下简称受权的工商行政管理局），均有权依照有关规定和处罚权限对违反登记管理法规的外商投资企业进行处罚。
上级工商行政管理局对下级工商行政管理局作出的不适当的处罚有权予以纠正。
第三条 国家工商行政管理局对下列违反登记管理法规的外商投资企业进行查处：
一、国家工商行政管理局直接登记注册的外商投资企业；
二、国家工商行政管理局认为有必要直接查处的外商投资企业。
第四条 受权的工商行政管理局对违反登记管理法规的行为发生在本管辖区域内的外商投资企业进行查处。
受权的省、自治区、直辖市工商行政管理局对外商投资企业依法作出没收非法所得超过人民币二十万元或罚款超过人民币二万元或吊销营业执照处罚的，应报国家工商行政管理局核批。
受权的市（地区）工商行政管理局对外商投资企业违反登记管理法规的行为进行处罚的权限，由其所在的受权的省、自治区、直辖市工商行政管理局区别具体情况，按照本规定的原则加以规定，并报国家工商行政管理局批准。
受权的市（地区）工商行政管理局依法作出的处罚决定超出其权限的，应报其所在的受权的省、自治区、直辖市工商行政管理局或国家工商行政管理局核批。
第五条 受权的工商行政管理局对外商投资企业作出的处罚决定，应报送国家工商行政管理局和有关的工商行政管理局备案。
第六条 受权的工商行政管理局处理发生在本管辖区域内非本局核准登记的外商投资企业的违法行为时，应及时将查处情况及处理结果通知核准登记该企业的工商行政管理局。
第七条 没有处罚权的县（区）及县（区）以上的工商行政管理局在本管辖区域内发现外商投资企业违反登记管理法规的行为时，应当认真进行调查，提出处理建议，请示有处罚权的上级工商行政管理局。有处罚权的上级工商行政管理局应当在接到请示之日起一个月内予以批复，超出处罚权限的应逐级上报。
第八条 外商投资企业不得拒绝工商行政管理机关依法进行的监督管理和查处活动，并应当在收到处罚通知之日起十五日内执行处罚决定。对处罚决定不服的，应在收到处罚通知之日起十五日内向有处罚权的上一级工商行政管理局申请复议。上级工商行政管理局应当在收到复议申请之日起三十日内作出复议决定。复议期间，按原处理决定应收缴的罚没款可先予扣缴。
第九条 外商投资企业对地方工商行政管理局作出的复议决定或国家工商行政管理局作出的处罚决定或复议决定不服的，可以在收到复议决定或处罚决定之日起三十日内向人民法院起诉。逾期不提出申诉又不缴纳罚没款的，工商行政管理局可以按照规定程序通知其开户银行予以划拨。
第十条 工商行政管理局依法对外商投资企业违反登记管理法规的行为进行查处时，应当指定专人负责并建立档案，当事人提供的证据材料应由当事人签字或盖章。负责查处的工商行政管理人员应严格遵守各项法规和外事纪律。对外商投资企业进行调查或检查时应由二人以上进行，并出示《中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理局专用工作证》。
第十一条 对港、澳、台企业或华侨、港、澳、台同胞投资举办的合资经营企业、合作经营企业、独资经营企业，外国（地区）企业从事承包工程、承包经营管理、合作开发国内资源等经营活动，外国（地区）企业常驻代表机构，外国（地区）银行分行以及外商投资企业设立的从事经
营活动的分支机构和开展业务活动的办事机构的监督管理、处罚权限和程序，依照本规定执行。
第十二条 本规定自发布之日起执行。

REGULATIONS CONCERNING JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURES TO DEAL OUTPUNISHMENT FOR VIOLATIONS OF REGISTRATION ADMINISTRATIVE DECREES BYFOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES

(Promulgated by the State Administration for Industry and Commerceon February 1, 1989)

Whole Doc.
With a view to strengthening supervision and control over the
Chinese-foreign joint ventures and Chinese-foreign contractual joint
ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises (hereinafter referred to as
foreign investment enterprises), protecting legal management and dealing
out punishment for violations of registration administrative decrees
according to the law, the jurisdiction and procedures for such punishment,
in accordance with "Rules of the People's Republic of China on
Administration of Registration on Enterprise Legal Persons" and the
"Detailed Regulation" for its implementation, are defined as follows:
Article 1
The administrations for industry and commerce at the county
(district) level or above all have the right to supervise and examine the
foreign investment enterprises in the areas that come under their
jurisdiction.
Article 2
The State Administration for Industry and Commerce and the local
administrations that are empowered by the former to directly check and
approve the registration of foreign investment enterprises (hereinafter
referred to as empowered local administrations) all have the right, in
accordance with relevant regulations and limits of authority, to deal out
punishment for violations of registration administrative decrees by the
foreign investment enterprises.
Administration for industry and commerce at higher level have the
right to rectify the improper decisions of punishment by administrations
for industry and commerce at lower level.
Article 3
The State Administration for Industry and Commerce examines and deals
accordingly with the following foreign investment enterprises that violate
the registration administrative decrees:
(1) The foreign investment enterprises that are directly registered
at the State Administration for Industry and Commerce;
(2) The foreign investment enterprises that the State Administration
for Industry and Commerce deems it necessary to exercise direct
examination and punishment.
Article 4
The empowered local administrations examine and deal accordingly with
the foreign investment enterprises that violate the registration
administrative decrees in the areas under their jurisdiction.
Provided that the empowered provincial, autonomous regional and
municipal administrations expropriate over RMB 200000 yuan of the illegal
gains by the foreign investment enterprises, or mete out a fine of over
RMB 20000 yuan, or withdraw the business license, they have to report to
the State Administration for Industry and Commerce for examination and
approval.
The limits of authority of the empowered city (prefectural)
administrations for industry and commerce over punishment of foreign
investment enterprises that violate the registration administrative
decrees are defined by their respective empowered provincial, autonomous
regional and municipal administration in the light of specific conditions
and in accordance with these Regulations and should be reported to the
State Administration for Industry and Commerce for approval.
Provided that the empowered city (prefectural) administration make
decisions of punishment beyond the limits of their authority, they have to
report to their respective provincial, autonomous regional and municipal
administrations or the State Administration for Industry and Commerce for
examination and approval.
Article 5
The empowered local administrations have to report their decisions of
punishment of foreign investment enterprises to the State Administration
for Industry and Commerce or relevant administrations for records.
Article 6
If empowered local administrations deal with violations of foreign
investment enterprises that are not approved and registered in the
locality under their jurisdiction, they have to inform in time the
concerned administrations of their decisions.
Article 7
If county (district) administrations or above that are not empowered
with the authority over such punishment detect violations of registration
administrative decrees by foreign investment enterprises, they should
carry out conscientious investigation, propose a decision of prosecution
and defer to administrations at higher level empowered with such
authority. The latter must reply within 1 month as of the date of receipt
of the report. If the decision of punishment go beyond their competence,
they should report to the next superior administration.
Article 8
The foreign investment enterprises must not reject the supervision,
examination and prosecution by administrations for industry and commerce
according to the law and should implement the decisions of punishment
within 15 days as of the date of receipt of the notice. If they do not
accept the decisions, they should appeal for re- examination to
administrations at higher level empowered with such authority within 15
days as of the date of the receipt of the notice. The latter should make
its decision of re-examination within 30 days as of the date of receipt of
the appeal. Pending the decision of re-examination, the fines and
confiscations should be executed as has been originally decided upon.
Article 9
If the foreign investment enterprises refuse to accept the decisions
of re-examination by local administrations or decisions of punishment or
decisions of re-examination by the State Administration for Industry and
Commerce, they may bring the suit to the People's Court within 30 days as
of the date of receipt of the decision of re-examination or decision of
punishment. If they do not appeal nor hand in the fine and the confiscated
amount of money, the administrations for industry and commerce can, in
accordance with stipulated procedures, inform the banks where they open an
account and ask them to transfer the amount.
Article 10
When the administrations for industry and commerce are examining and
dealing with the foreign investment enterprises that violate the
registration administrative decrees they should appoint special persons to
be in charge and establish relevant records. The evidence provided by the
litigants should be signed and sealed by the litigants. The persons from
the administrations for industry and commerce who are in charge should
strictly observe relevant decrees and the disciplines guiding the handling
of foreign affairs. Investigation or examination of foreign investment
enterprises should be conducted by 2 persons or more who have to show
their "Special ID Cards of the PRC Administration for Industry and
Commerce".
Article 11
The supervision, administration, jurisdiction over punishment and its
procedures concerning joint or contractual ventures and the wholly
foreign-owned enterprises established by the Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan
enterprises, or by overseas Chinese, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan
compatriots, the projects and businesses contracted by foreign (regional)
enterprises and their cooperative development of domestic natural
resources, their permanent office, branches of foreign (regional) banks
and business branches established by foreign investment enterprises are
executed in accordance with these Regulations.
Article 12
These Regulations shall go into effect on the day of their
promulgation.